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Abscisic acid

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**Discovery and Identification**:
– Torsten Hemberg observed the correlation between rest periods and growth inhibitors in potato tubers.
– Frederick T. Addicott and Larry A. Davis identified abscisic acid as a plant hormone in 1963.
– Abscisin I and II were initially isolated, with II later recognized as abscisic acid (ABA).

**Role in Plants**:
– ABA functions in plant stress and pathogen responses.
– ABA production in terminal buds prepares plants for winter and responds to decreased soil water potential.
– ABA inhibits stomatal opening to reduce water loss, seed germination, and maintains dormancy.
– ABA affects lateral root development, fruit ripening, and seed dormancy.

**Biosynthesis, Effects, and Signal Cascade**:
– ABA is synthesized in the plastidal MEP pathway and various plant tissues in response to stress.
– ABA can be catabolized to phaseic acid for homeostasis.
– ABA induces stomatal closure, promotes root growth in low humidity, and affects root growth under salty conditions.
– ABA binds to PYR1, activates SnRK2s, and regulates gene expression, including ABA-responsive genes like ABF family transcription factors.

**Applications and Medicinal Benefits**:
– ABA is found in metazoans, including humans, with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects.
– ABA is studied for its biological effects as a potential nutraceutical or drug.
– ABA has been linked to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activation and inflammation regulation.
– Understanding ABA mechanisms can lead to therapeutic advancements in animals and humans.

**Research, Implications, and Future Directions**:
– Research on ABA gene clusters, pathways, and YL-related proteins is ongoing.
– ABA has antiviral properties, serves as a pathogen effector, and immune regulator in plants.
– Monitoring ABA levels aids in understanding plant responses to stress, and FRET technology enhances real-time monitoring.
– Future directions may involve exploring novel mechanisms in plant biology, developing stress-resistant crops, elucidating plant hormone crosstalk, and applying FRET technology in other plant signaling pathways.

Abscisic acid (Wikipedia)

Abscisic acid (ABA or abscisin II) is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure. It is especially important for plants in the response to environmental stresses, including drought, soil salinity, cold tolerance, freezing tolerance, heat stress and heavy metal ion tolerance.

Abscisic acid
Stereo, skeletal formula of abscisic acid
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(2Z,4E)-5-[(1S)-1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
Other names
(2Z,4E)-(S)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentanedienoic acid; Dormic acid;[citation needed] Dormin
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
3DMet
Abbreviations ABA
2698956
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.040.275 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 244-319-5
MeSH Abscisic+Acid
RTECS number
  • RZ2475100
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C15H20O4/c1-10(7-13(17)18)5-6-15(19)11(2)8-12(16)9-14(15,3)4/h5-8,19H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,17,18)/b6-5+,10-7-/t15-/m1/s1 checkY
    Key: JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N checkY
  • OC(=O)\C=C(\C)/C=C/[C@@]1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C
Properties
C15H20O4
Molar mass 264.321 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless crystals
Density 1.193 g/mL
Melting point 163 °C (325 °F; 436 K)
log P 1.896
Acidity (pKa) 4.868
Basicity (pKb) 9.129
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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